Components of Comprehensive Bone Health Screening

• Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry (DEXA) Scan: The DEXA scan is the gold standard for measuring bone mineral density (BMD). It helps in diagnosing osteoporosis, assessing fracture risk, and monitoring changes in bone density over time. The scan typically focuses on the hip, spine, and sometimes the forearm.

• Quantitative Computed Tomography (QCT): QCT provides a three-dimensional image of the bone, offering detailed information about bone structure and density. It’s particularly useful for evaluating bone quality in the spine and other complex areas.

• Peripheral DEXA (pDEXA) or Ultrasound: These tests measure bone density in peripheral sites like the wrist or heel. They are often used when central DEXA is not available or as a supplemental test.

• Bone Turnover Markers: Blood and urine tests can measure biochemical markers that reflect bone formation and resorption rates. These markers help in understanding the balance between bone formation and breakdown, offering insights into the effectiveness of treatments for osteoporosis.

• Vitamin and Mineral Levels: Blood tests assess levels of calcium, vitamin D, phosphorus, and other nutrients crucial for bone health. Deficiencies in these can contribute to bone loss and increase fracture risk.

• Comprehensive Medical and Lifestyle Assessment: A detailed review of medical history, family history of bone diseases, lifestyle factors (such as diet, physical activity, smoking, and alcohol consumption), and medication use is conducted to identify risk factors for bone loss and fractures.

• Fracture Risk Assessment Tool (FRAX): The FRAX tool calculates the 10-year probability of major osteoporotic fractures, taking into account clinical risk factors and BMD results. This tool helps in making informed decisions about treatment and preventive strategies.